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41.
Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change. 相似文献
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100MPa、800℃下Mo和W在流体/花岗质熔体相间分配的实验研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
利用“RQV-快速内冷淬火”(外加热冷封式)高温高压实验装置,在100MPa、800℃条件下,以东秦岭地区出露的高钾钙碱性岩浆岩(合峪花岗岩)为实验初始物,实验研究了Mo和W在花岗岩-H2O、花岗岩-NaCl(KCl)-H2O及花岗岩-NaF-H2O体系流体/熔体相间的分配行为。实验结果表明,Mo比W更倾向于分配进入流体相(DMo^流体/溶体〉〉DW^流体/溶体),相对于纯水体系而言,流体介质中Cl和F的存在均有利于Mo和W向流体相迁移富集,随体系内Cl含量的不断增高,Mo和W的分配系数呈线性增大趋势,而在天然花岗岩可能含有的F含量范围之内,F含量的增高将阻碍Mo、W向流体相迁移,流体介质中Na/K(摩尔比)的变化对Mo和W的分配系数没有明显影响,表明体系碱质(Na或K)类型不是Mo和W在流体/熔体相间分配的主要影响因素。 相似文献
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针对当前土石坝溃决机理试验研究中泥沙粒径取值偏小、各砂样粒径相差不大的现状,采用粒径对比明显的两组砂样进行了土石坝漫顶溃决试验.试验表明,在给定的较强的初始冲刷条件下,粗细两种颗粒坝体的溃决过程基本一致,均是以水流的下切侵蚀为主,在坝顶下缘位置有溯源冲刷现象出现.整个溃决过程可明显分为3个阶段,第1阶段为坝顶下缘处陡坎形成阶段;第2阶段为陡坎坍塌,冲刷加剧阶段;第3阶段为出现逆行沙垄的冲刷终止阶段.试验还发现,下游坝坡对溃决过程的影响比较显著,坝坡越陡,坝顶侵蚀速率越快,洪峰值越大.另外,由于粗颗粒抗冲刷性强,同等条件下粗颗粒坝体溃决洪水过程偏矮胖,洪峰值偏小,但是值得注意的是,相比于较大的颗粒粒径差距而言,其洪峰值的差异并不是太大. 相似文献
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In order to recognize the impact of aqueous medium on gas yields and the kinetic behaviors of hydrogen isotope fractionation during organic matter thermal degradation, the gold tube apparatus was used to conduct thermal simulation experiments by mixing the nC18 with the water of different properties and proportions. The yields of natural gas components, the relation among hydrogen isotope composition of each component and the experimental temperatures vs. heating rates have been obtained, and the results indicate that under the higher temperature conditions, the hydrous experiment has obvious impact on gas yields, such as when more water is added, higher amounts of hydrocarbon gas and H2 are yielded, and the existence of water obviously prolongs the temperature interval with the existence of heavy hydrocarbon gas. It also shows that the hydrogen isotope of hydrocarbon gas generated by the hydrous experiment is obviously lighter than that generated by the anhydrous experiment, and with the increasing amount of added water, the δD value of hydrocarbon gas gradually decreases. Compared with gas yields, the variation of δD value is more sensitive to aqueous medium in the thermal simulation experiment. However, compared with the amount of the added water, the aqueous medium property has smaller impact on the gas yields, which still shows the inherit effect on hydrogen isotope composition of aqueous medium. Through the model simulation and the isotope fractionation behavior analysis, it is validated that the hydrogen isotope fractionation process can be well described by the chemical kinetic model. The difference of reaction fraction of normal methane and D-containing methane is large, corresponding to the same activation energy. The content of normal methane is obviously higher in the part with lower activation energy, while the content of D-containing methane is higher in the part with higher activation energy. Therefore, it will result in larger hydrogen isotope fractionation amplitude, and the δD values will be more sensitive to the variation of maturity. Meanwhile, the average activation energy of methane generation from nC18 in the hydrous experiment is higher than that in the anhydrous experiment, and the greater amount of added water, the larger the average activation energy of methane generation reaction. This has laid foundation for its exploratory application in the study of gas reservoir forming history and the gas-source correlation, which indicates the research and application prospects in this orientation. 相似文献
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以广州地区花岗岩残积粘性土为研究对象,通过击样法制备特定含水量试样,在不同压力下进行固结加、卸荷试验,对比分析试验数据,初步研究加、卸荷状态下花岗岩残积粘性土的抗剪强度变化,探寻先期固结压力、含水量与抗剪强度间规律。重塑残积土抗剪强度随含水量增加而减小;在先期固结压力相同的条件下,卸荷相对加荷试验条件下的土体强度显著减小,且减少值随残积土含水量的增加而逐渐减小,故在基坑开挖等卸荷工程项目中,应充分考虑卸荷对土体抗剪强度的影响,在卸荷工程中采用土体卸荷抗剪强度指标更符合工程实际。 相似文献
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利用卫星观测OLR资料以及海气耦合数值模拟试验结果,从每年波-频分析结果提取了各种传播模态的强度指数序列,分析了热带北半球夏季季节内振荡(BSISO)各种传播模态的年际变化谱特征,探讨了热带各海区海气相互作用对其影响。主要结果如下:赤道外西传波和印度洋北传波以准2 a为显著振荡周期,赤道东传波、南海北传波和西太平洋北传波则都包含准2 a和准5 a两种周期,南海北传波是5种指数中惟一以准5 a为最主要周期振荡的模态。热带印度洋、西太平洋、东太平洋各海区海气相互作用对各指数准2 a振荡、准5 a振荡既有加强作用,也有削弱作用。各海区比较而言,对赤道东传波准2 a和准5 a振荡、南海北传波准2 a和准5 a振荡起最大加强作用的是西太平洋海区海气相互作用;对赤道外西传波准2 a振荡、西太平洋北传波准2 a和准5 a振荡起最大加强作用的是印度洋海区海气相互作用。 相似文献